ATOMIC NUCLEAR FUSION

There is no earth, if fusion is not present. Every part of the object in the world goes with nuclear fusion . All the particle is made of matter, the tiny particle of matter is called atoms . The atoms goes with the process of nuclear fusion........

NUCLEAR FUSION

 It is a nuclear process, where energy is produced by smashing together light atoms. It is the opposite reaction of fission, where heavy isotopes are split apart. Fusion is the process by which the sun and other stars generate light and heat.

It’s most easily achieved on Earth by combining two isotopes of hydrogen: deuterium and tritium. Hydrogen is the lightest of all the elements, being made up of a single proton and a electron. Deuterium has an extra neutron in its nucleus; it can replace one of the hydrogen atoms in H₂0 to make what is called “heavy water.” Tritium has two extra neutrons, and is therefore three times as heavy as hydrogen. In a fusion cycle, tritium and deuterium are combined and result in the formation of helium, the next heaviest element in the Periodic Table, and the release of a free neutron.

Deuterium is found one part per 6,500 in ordinary seawater, and is therefore globally available, eliminating the problem of unequal geographical distribution of fuel resources. This means that there will be fuel for fusion as long as there is water on the planet

Let’s take look at a fusion reaction. You can see that as deuterium and tritium fuse together, their component parts are recombined into a helium atom and a fast neutron. As the two heavy isotopes are reassembled into a helium atom, you have ‘extra’ mass leftover which is converted into the kinetic energy of the neutron, according to Einstein’s formula: E=mc2.

For a nuclear fusion reaction to occur, it is necessary to bring two nuclei so close that nuclear forces become active and glue the nuclei together. Nuclear forces are small-distance forces and have to act against the electrostatic forces where positively charged nuclei repel each other. This is the reason nuclear fusion reactions occur mostly in high density, high temperature environment.

At very high temperatures, electrons are stripped from atomic nuclei to form a plasma (ionized gas). Under such conditions, the repulsive electrostatic forces that keep positively charged nuclei apart can be overcome, and the nuclei of select light elements can be brought together to fuse and form other elements. Nuclear fusion of light elements releases vast amounts of energy and is the fundamental energy-producing process in stars.

The goal of fusion research is to confine fusion ions at high enough temperatures and pressures and for a long enough time to fuse.

Fusion reactions between light elements, like fission reactions that split heavy elements, release energy because of a key feature of nuclear matter called the binding energy, which can be released through fusion or fission. The binding energy of the nucleus is a measure of the efficiency with which its constituent nucleons are bound together. Take, for example, an element with Z protons and N neutrons in its nucleus. The element’s atomic wieght A is Z + N, and its atomic number is Z. The binding energy B is the energy associated with the mass difference between the Z protons and N neutrons considered separately and the nucleons bound together (Z + N) in a nucleus of mass M. The formula isB = (Zm_p + Nm_n − M)c²,where m_p and m_n are the proton and neutron masses and c is the speed of  light .    It has been determined experimentally that the binding energy per nucleon is a maximum of about 1.4 10⁻¹² joule at an atomic mass number of approximately 60—that is, approximately the atomic mass number of iron. Accordingly, the fusion of elements lighter than iron or the splitting of heavier ones generally leads to a net release of energy.

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