GEAR OF SPIN.......

If we see in roads, there are certain vehicle which use to go after we push the break. mainly in trains, if we use the break. they get stop after two km. Because, the bearing as the effect to pull the train........ 

BEARING

BEARING GEARS

 It would be difficult to imagine the modern industrial age without bearings. Every kind of machine that deals will motion makes use of bearings to smoothen its path and reduce friction. Such an important piece of technology did not fall into the laps of engineers when they started creating metal machines, but has a long and storied history of use that stretches all the way back to the stone age.  

Wooden Bearings

Even before the creation of the wheel at the very beginning of human civilization, the concept of bearings had already taken shape. At that time, people realized that placing rolling logs beneath heavy objects made it easier to drag them across a surface.  

The evidence of such a mechanism is evident through cave drawings, and at a later time, through Egyptian pyramid drawings, which show wooden rollers being used to move heavy stones during construction. Various liquids were also used to provide lubrication to the bearings and make their motion smoother. Different materials were experimented upon to create better bearings, from bronze to zinc, although they were found to be inadequate in providing support to the heavy-duty automated machinery that was to come later.

The Industrial Age

With the rise of improved metal forming processes at the start of the industrial age, it was determined that bearings made of steel were far better at their job than wooden or bronze bearings. Philip Vaughan received a patent for a ball bearing in 1794, and his design became the basic blueprint for the creation of the modern ball bearing. A dramatic reduction in friction led to far more efficient machines, which was responsible for machines being manufactured in far greater numbers, leading to the creation of factories.

Bearings were also put to use in smaller devices such as watches, where sapphire bearings allowed for more precise timekeeping. Water mills also made use of increasingly sophisticated bearings to make the process of drawing water less difficult.

Present Day

In 1869, Jules Suriray received a patent for a radial ball bearing to be fitted into metal bicycles. The success of the improved design led to the creation of several new types of metal ball bearings, all with different designs that were specially created for a particular machine.   

It was Sven Winquist who came up with a self-aligning design for ball bearings that set a new standard in terms of design. A quick succession of innovations within the field emerged, from the wire race bearing to the vee groove bearing.

During the 20th century, improvements in bearings went hand-in-hand with the great advances in the automotive, machine tool and military industries. The choice of rolling elements expanded from balls to rollers, tapered rollers and spherical rollers. Bearings could support greater forces and combined (axial and radial) loads.

Metallurgical processes improved as humanity's understanding of chemistry increased, leading to harder, more wear-resistant materials. Improved lubricants made it possible for bearings to operate at higher speeds and temperatures. New and improved bearings are today put to use in a variety of machines, big and small, from dental drills to the Mars Rover spaceship.

Bearings have had a long and complex history, from the first primitive wooden bearing to the modern class of self-lubricating bearings. With continued development in material science and lubricant technology, and steady improvements in manufacturing, the future promises bearings of a more sophisticated design than ever before.

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THE WAY OF RAY POWER...........

There are many rays with endless ways in the world. Were we can do a ultimate idea of process of producing current with the help of sunlight light. the solar panels is a devicewhich can produce current by converting the light energy to electric energy........

 THE SOLAR PLANES

SOLAR PANELS 

In 1839 Alexandre Edmond Becquerel discovered the photovoltaic effect which explains how electricity can be generated from sunlight. He claimed that “shining light on an electrode submerged in a conductive solution would create an electric current.” However, even after much research and development subsequent to the  discovery, photovoltaic power continued to be very inefficient. People mainly used solar cells for the purpose of measuring light.

Over 100 years later, in 1941, Russell Ohl invented the solar cell, shortly after the invention of the transistor.

Light (photons) striking certain compounds, in particular metals, causes the surface of the material to emit electrons. Light striking other compounds causes the material to accept electrons. It is the combination of these two compounds that can cause electrons to flow through a conductor. Thereby creating electricity. This phenomenon is what we term the photo-electric effect. Photovoltaic  means sunlight converting into a flow of electrons (electricity).Solar power is a rapidly developing energy source in Australia and around the world. The potential for using the sun to directly supply our power needs is huge.

Once made, solar panels can generate electricity without any waste or pollution. This means that there is no dependence on the Earths natural resources. They have no moving parts so modules are very reliable and have a long life span. Also, solar panels are relatively easy to install and are very low maintenance.

A useful characteristic of solar photovoltaic power generation is that any scale of installation is possible. Compare this to conventional forms of power generation that require large scale plant and maintenance.

Solar panels allow you to generate power close to the place of consumption. This removes the need to transport and distribute electricity over long distances to remote areas.Read our 10 tips for getting a solar power system or our tips for choosing solar panels. 

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STEP BY STEP TO BE LAZY........

Day to day, there are lot of development in technology. which makes us lazy .early humans use there legs to travel, soon they found bullet-cart and as soon as they found the bicycle in 1860.after that, there is a development to next level. this was the ultimate level archived by the humans, called motorcycle........

THE MOTORCYCLE

 After the discovery of the bicycle in 1860s France, inventors all around the world started formulating their designs for automated version of this transport device. With the help of machines available to them in that time, they produced several prototypes of motorcycles that would pave the way for all the future models. Here we will describe the how the first motorcycle came to be.

From the 1920 to 1860s, Europe and USA became first acquainted to the simple velocipede device called Danny horse. Enabled its rider to drive it using the power of its own feet. Lack of pedals or chain drive limited its use to small percentage of drivers, mostly children and younger men. All that changed during early 1861 when French blacksmith Pierre patented bicycle pedals and presented to the world his first “boneshaker” bicycle. This marked the point in from bicycle transport received massive boost of popularity and sales. While bicycles continued to get continuous improvements over the next 40 years (especially in English model “Rover” which featured chain drive, pneumatic tires and many more safety devices), early motorcycles prototypes started to be produced all over the Europe.

First known steam motorcycle was produced in the factory of the famous bicycle inverter Pierre Michaux. His son Ernest managed to attach small steam engine to one of their early bicycle designs. In the following years several more inventors managed to repeat similar feat, all using the steam engines with various (solid, liquid or gas fueled) combustion chambers. Steam engine motorcycles worked fine, but they had several big drawbacks (mainly, low power production and constant need of refueling).

In 1885, two German inventors -Gottlieb Daimler and Wilhelm Maybach managed to produce first modern model of motorcycle. They managed to attach small petroleum based combustion engine to the wooden bicycle frame. This motorcycle called “Daimler Reitwagen” is today regarded as the first true motorcycle and it was a starting point for all future motorcycle based innovations and improvements. Development of “Reitwagen” started in 1882 when Daimler and Maybach started the production of thir experimental high-speed single-cylinder engine.Their initial plan was to make small automobile, but they opted to test their engine design on a bicycle frame. Small 264-cubic-centimetre, single cilindre, 0.5 horsepower engine managed to power the motorcycle with the speed of only 7 miles per hour 11 km/h). During the one of the first test runs seat of the motorcycle caught fire from the heat emanated from the nearby engine. Daimler and Maybach patented during August 1885, and the final version of “Reitwagen” was presented to the public in 1886.

Original models of the “Daimler Reitwagen” were sadly lost in 1903 factory fire at Cannstatt, Germany. Several replicas exist in museum collections in Germany, USA, Australia and Japan.

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HEAR OF HERO........

The sound of world can be hear in our ears. which change our mode to happiness.Lot of sound can give lot of emotions. In which that can be better feeling and a motivation .........If the sound get into our  ear directly , instead of speaker and voices...... 

HEADPHONES

Headphones originated from the telephone receiver earpiece, and were the only way to listen to electrical audio signals before amplifiers were developed. The first truly successful set was developed in 1910 by Nathaniel baldwin, who made them by hand in his kitchen and sold them to the United States Navy.

These early headphones used moving iron drivers, with either single-ended or balanced armatures. The common single-ended type used voice coils wound around the poles of a permanent magnet, which were positioned close to a flexible steel diaphragm. The audio current through the coils varied the magnetic field of the magnet, exerting a varying force on the diaphragm, causing it to vibrate, creating sound waves. The requirement for high sensitivity meant that no damping was used, so the frequency response of the diaphragm had large peaks due to resonance, resulting in poor sound quality. These early models lacked padding, and were often uncomfortable to wear for long periods. Their  varied; headphones used in telegraph and telephone work had an impedance of 75 ohms. Those used with early wireless radio had more turns of finer wire to increase sensitivity. Impedance of 1000 to 2000 ohms was common, which suited both crystal sets and triode receivers. Some very sensitive headphones, such as those manufactured by Brandes around 1919, were commonly used for early radio work.

The Navy offered Baldwin some suggestions for a few tweaks, which he promptly incorporated into a new design that, while still clunky, was comfortable enough for everyday use. The Navy placed an order for Baldwin’s headphones, only to learn that Baldwin was building them in his kitchen and could only produce 10 at a time. But because they were better than anything else that had been tested, the Navy accepted Baldwin’s limited production capabilities. After producing a few dozen headphones, the head harness was further improved as its design was reduced to only two leather-covered, adjustable wire rods attached at each end to a receiver that supposedly contained a mile of copper wire.

Indeed, the entire history of the headphone seems to be one of incremental improvements on existing designs, starting as early as the 1880s, with the single over-ear receivers worn by telephone operators.

Innovations along the way from then to now include Eugen Beyer’s development of the first dynamic headphone in 1937. Dynamic headphones differ from other headphone technologies in that they rely on a stationary magnet and a moving cone to create sound, much the same way that speakers generate audio. It proved to be such a popular and practical design that most headphones—and most earphones—these days still rely on dynamic drivers, such as Phiaton’s BT 120 C neck band style earphones and the BT 390 on-ear foldable headphones.

Fast-forward a few decades and we come to one of the most popular innovations yet. In 1958, John C. Koss forever changed the music industry with the introduction of the first stereo headphones in response to the first commercially available stereo recordings, introduced the year before. As a result, headphones became less of a tool for the military and telecommunications industries and more of a personal music listening device. And the rest, as they say, is history.

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I CAN SEE THE WORLD........

 An object which can show the image clearly and zoomed as much we can see is called lens. Today by today, the people use the lens for see clearly. The lens in our eye is also equal to the lens that made by us. But, some of the humans eye ball get elongated, which they can't able to see clearly......

THE LENSES......

A lens is a transmissive optical device that focuses or disperses a light beam by means of refraction. A simple lens consists of a single piece of transparent material, while compound lens consists of several simple lenses , usually arranged along a common axis. Lenses are made from materials such as glass or plastic, and are ground and polished or molded to a desired shape. A lens can focus light to form an image, unlike a prism, which refracts light without focusing. Devices that similarly focus or disperse waves and radiation other than visible light are also called lenses, such as microwave lenses, electron lenses, acoustic lenses, or explosive lenses.

The Lens When was it invented, the little piece of glass that would change the world? No one knows for sure. By Peter Hennig In Ancient China, Greece, and Rome, they probably used 'magnifying-stones' of polished rock crystal, but it was not until about 1000 that the principles of the lens were properly described by an Arabic physicist, Ibn el-Haitam. His was not only the first correct account of how light is refracted by a lens, but also of how the eye functions in principle.By the end of the sixteenth century it was known how a microscope worked. The basic model consisted of two positive lenses at a certain distance from each other, the one in front being small and strongly magnifying. It is a design that is not difficult to come up with if you sit experimenting with different lenses. Nor was the microscope seen as having any great significance to begin with. It was a curiosity that might entertain for a while, a 'flea-glass' that could turn the tiniest insect into terrible monster.

Even the telescope may have been discovered more or less by chance, although one version of the story credits its inventor with a more deliberate approach. It is said that in 1608 a Dutch lens maker, Hans Lippershey, received an order for two lenses. One was to be slightly larger and weakly convergent, the other to be smaller and concave, in other words a diverging lens. When the customer came to collect them, he held the lenses at arms' length from each other, smiled happily, paid, and left.
Lippershey was perplexed, and found no peace until he had cut two more lenses so that he could see what was going on for himself. To his amazement he found that a distant church tower appeared so close that he could see the weather vane quite clearly. News of the invention spread quickly, and only a short time later in Italy, Galileo Galilei began his pioneering study of celestial bodies.


The human eye is quite weak in comparison with the eyesight of many predators. Yet we can see more than any other creature because we have supplemented our eyes with extra lenses.
During the seventeenth century, the lens started a formidable revolution in our ability to explore our surroundings and increase our knowledge, and gradually made it possible to alter our circumstances in a positive way.
The new optical instruments brought rapid improvements in navigation, with dramatic results for trade and shipping. Telescopes scanned the heavens - and the old world view died. Microscopes sought out the smallest details - and a whole new world was revealed that we had had no inkling of before.
This was a completely new branch of the tree of knowledge, and it changed our lives in many ways. New instruments that provided new information were fundamentally to change our way of looking at the world, but the lens also contributed change in less dramatic ways.
When it comes to gathering information and assembling knowledge at an individual level, the longer one can continue the better the results. Until the seventeenth century, most specialists ceased their active working life in their forties or fifties when deteriorating eyesight made any detailed work impossible. Once simple spectacles came within their means it meant there was something of a trade revolution, because they could stay active for another fifteen to twenty years. This era marks the beginning of the rapidly accelerating accumulation of knowledge that was to become the technical basis of the industrial revolution in the eighteenth century.


Even the ancients knew that you could project a picture onto a wall when light shone through a little hole into a darkened room. Such large-scale pinhole cameras were in use in the fifteenth century. Sitting inside one, you could draw from the surprisingly bright images. When in the 1550s the hole was replaced with a lens, the brightness and definition increased so much that it became much more useful. In the seventeenth century portable camera obscura were constructed that employed the reflex mirror principle.
Of course people dreamed of being able to capture the 'pictures from nature' that the lens showed so beautifully, and there was an eager search for materials that reacted to light and could be used to record the images.

The discovery of the century
It is usual to date the birth of photography to the introduction of the Daguerreotype in 1839, but it could be said to have been essentially a reinvention - most of the technique was already known. The lens was known, the camera was known, and the reaction of silver salts when exposed to light had been known for a hundred years. What made it new was that everything was brought together, while the problem of making the silver salts sufficiently sensitive to light was solved, and a method was found of fixing the pictures so that they did not darken further when exposed to more light. If you tried to patent this under today's rules, it would be a matter of arguing for a second class patent, or a patent on a new application of an already known technique. Still, contemporaries saw photography as the invention of the century, a reasonable view considering the role photography would come to play.


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WORLD OF GAME BEGINS........19th century

 What do you think of a game, as you think just as entertainment, yeah" that's right . The way of development of game have raised a lot from 19th century. There are lot of changes in the games we use to play today, we use our phones to play games. but, on the time of begin of games . There is a term name as "emulator". It is a gaming tool were early gamer use to play, it is like a video game.....The founder of emulator is LARRY MOSS...He was the origin of the emulator .

HISTORY OF EMULATOR 

In computing, an emulator is hardware or software that enables one computer system (called the host) to behave like another computer system (called the guest). An emulator typically enables the host system to run software or use peripheral devices designed for the guest system. Emulation refers to the ability of a computer program in an electronic device to emulate (or imitate) another program or device. Many printers, for example, are designed to emulate HP LaserJet printers because so much software is written for HP printers. If a non-HP printer emulates an HP printer, any software written for a real HP printer will also run in the non-HP printer emulation and produce equivalent printing. Since at least the 1990s, many video game enthusiasts have used emulators to play classic (and/or forgotten) arcade games from the 1980s using the games' original 1980s machine code and data, which is interpreted by a current-era system. 

A hardware emulator is an emulator which takes the form of a hardware device. Examples include the DOS-compatible card installed in some 1990s-era Macintosh computers, such as the Centris 610 or Performa 630, that allowed them to run personal computer (PC) software programs and FPGA-based hardware emulators. In a theoretical sense, the Church-Turing thesis implies that (under the assumption that enough memory is available) any operating environment can be emulated within any other environment. However, in practice, it can be quite difficult, particularly when the exact behavior of the system to be emulated is not documented and has to be deduced through reverse engineering. It also says nothing about timing constraints; if the emulator does not perform as quickly as the original hardware, the emulated software may run much more slowly than it would have on the original hardware, possibly triggering timer interrupts that alter behavior.

DEVELOPMENT OF EMULATORS DAY BY DAY..........

1] NES EMULATORS

NES EMULATOR

Family Computer Emulator V0.35 for FM Towns, by "Haruhisa Udagawa", with file timestamps of December 12, 1990. It could run some simple NES games such as Donkey Kong.

• Pasofami for the FM Towns, with a release date of May 1, 1993, in its info file. It had very preliminary sound emulation. Windows version was released in 1995.
• LandyNES by Alex Krasivsky, which it seems became the base of iNES emulator. At least one beta version for DOS, called Prerelease "Stupid" version, was released to the public on September 8, 1996 with the filename "DC-NES.ZIP". This version supported some simple Mapper 1 games and had graphical glitches. Unfortunately no copy of this emulator remains on the internet; it was mainly hosted on now-defunct FTP sites and none of the websites that supposedly hosted it were archived by Wayback Machine. This project was discontinued after the release of NESticle.
• Marat Fayzullin's NES (also known as interNES in early versions) is the first (or at least one of the first) emulators to use NES HEADER FORMATE. The release date of the first version is 1996 according to its site.
• NESA (Nintendo Entertainment System in Assembler) by British programmer Paul Robson was one of the first free NES emulators with source code available. 
• NES STICLE (first version known as v0.2) was released on April 3, 1997. It was one of the first freeware NES emulators.
• There was an unreleased NES emulator for the Genesis that was programmed by Yuji Naka during the early 1990s as a hobby.

2] Game Boy/Color

GAME BOY EMULATOR

Not much is known about GB/C emulation before 1995.

• Marat Fayzullin's VISUALS GAME BOY (VGB) was first known GB/C emulator that could run commercial games. First released in 1995 for some unknown platform then ported to PC sometime in 1995 or 1996.
• NO$DOS was released for DOS in 1997. Game Boy Color support was added in 1998 along with it being paid only.

3] Game Boy Advance{GBA}

GBA EMULATOR

Unlike other consoles, GBA emulation and the Homebrew scene was started as early as 2000, a year before GBA's release.

• GBA EMULARTORS, released in September 2000, was the first known GBA emulator. It could run some homebrew ROMs as well as Nintendo's "Yoshi's Story" tech demo.
• VITRUAL GAME BOY ADVANCED[VGBA], done by the same author of iNES and VGB - Marat Fayzullin, was first released in 2000 according to its official site. In versions released in 2001, it could run a few commercial games.
• IGBA, which was available as early as February 2001 and last updated on March 25, 2001, could run a few commercial games with some graphical glitches and with no sound.
• Several GBA emulators with more accuracy were released in 2001, for example BOYCOTT ADVANCE,DREAM GBA, GBA, and VBA
• mGBA, original going to be a written in JavaScript, development began in 2013 with its first release in early 2015. It aimed for accuracy on low-end machines and has since been one of the best GBA emulators around.

4] Nintendo DS

DS EMULATOR

• DS EMULATORS, first released in 2004, was the first "attempt" to emulate the Nintendo DS, although it only emulated GBA hardware.

• iDEAS, first released in 2004 or 2005, was the first Nintendo DS emulator that could run commercial games. It also had some plugin system that was not widely used.

• ENSATA: An official Nintendo DS emulator made by Nintendo (and Intelligent Systems?) that was leaked to emulation community in an unknown year (perhaps 2005 or 2006). It could run select few commercial games, though compatibility was very low.

5] Nintendo 3DS

3DS EMULATOR

• CITRA was the first released 3DS emulator. Its first commit was on Aug 29, 2013. It was able to boot its first game, Ocarina of Time 3D, on Dec 13, 2014.
• 3DMOO was started shortly after Citra, on Mar 19, 2014.
• TRONS'DS first version was released May 11, 2014.

6] Nintendo Switch

NINTENDO SWITCH EMULATOR

• CageTheUnicorn, now MEPSHITO, was the first program to attempt to emulate only a part (not the whole) of the Nintendo Switch, it started development May 16, 2017. The developers have stated their goals are for it to be used as a debugger and that there are no plans for getting commercial games running.
• YUZU, a fork of CITRA started research and early development sometime in Spring 2017, with its first commit on September 24, 2017. It was publicly released January 13, 2018.
• RYUJINX was the first Nintendo Switch emulator to boot a commercial game, Puyo Puyo Tetris, when it released on February 4, 2018.

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