THE EXPLORATION OF "HYDROGEN"

In the world there are lot of danger , where we are living with that.can you imagine that, one of the element of water can destroy the world [hydrogen]. Yeah, its possible. The hydrogen have one electron and proton, there is no mean of neutron in hydrogen......There is a lot of mysterious ideas of first element in periodic table.Here is one of the mysterious idea..........

THE HYDROGEN BOMB 💣

In January 1950, President Truman made the controversial decision to continue and intensify research and production of thermonuclear weapons. At the time, David Lilienthal, chairman of the Atomic Energy Commission, had strong reservations about pursuing the "Super" or thermonuclear bomb.

Nonetheless, on July 25, 1950, President Harry Truman wrote to Crawford H. Greenewalt, President of E.I. du Pont de Nemours and Company, asking DuPont to undertake the design, construction and operation of a new site to produce plutonium and tritium, a necessary ingredient for the thermonuclear bomb. Because of the increasing range of Soviet aircraft, the Commission ruled out expanding Hanford but preferred distant sites in the South and Ohio River region. Thus began the vast expansion of the nuclear weapons complex that eventually had operations in some thirty-two states.

THE FIRST EXPLORATION OF HYDROGEN BOMB BY THE CHINA ARMY

In addition to the research and development of fission weapons during the Manhattan Project, theoretical work on the hydrogen bomb had also begun. In the early 20th century it was recognized that stars probably obtained their enormous output of energy from some sort of nuclear process. During the 1930s, Hans Bethe investigated this phenomenon and suggested that the sun and other stars derived their energy from a set of thermonuclear reactions that took place under enormously high pressures and temperatures believed to prevail in the center of the stars. However, many believed that these conditions were impossible to recreate on earth and, as a result, few scientists had given much thought to producing such reactions in a laboratory.

The advent of the atomic bomb dramatically altered the prospects for producing a hydrogen bomb. At the center of an exploding fission bomb, temperatures exceeding 100,000,000 degrees are produced, and so it was realized that at least one of the conditions necessary for igniting a thermonuclear reaction was possible.

In 1942, after creating the first nuclear chain reaction on earth at the Met Lab in Chicago, Enrico Fermi supposed that the fission process that occurred within an atomic bomb could be used to ignite the same sort of thermonuclear reaction that took place inside the center of the sun. He speculated that reactions involving deuterons, the nuclei of the naturally occurring heavy form of hydrogen, would react explosively together under the enormous temperatures created during an atomic explosion and would produce helium and huge amounts of energy.

When Los Alamos was established, the exploration of the hydrogen bomb was among the original objectives. However, because the development of fission bombs turned out to be more difficult than expected, their development required and received the full attention of the Laboratory. Nonetheless, a small group of theoretical physicists under the direction of Edward Teller made a substantial effort to explore the prospects of a thermonuclear bomb during the war.

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THE KILLER......

Protection is most important for all. To protect us from the animals, killer etc.....we use some weapons to save us from them . one of the most important weapon is a gun.....

THE GUNS

 They've been in existence for more than a thousand years and have affected warfare -- and society in general -- in ways almost no other weapon can match. Guns nearly made technical expertise an afterthought on the battlefield, changed the faces of armies and prompted an era of combat at reduced cost.

It all started in China, where gunpowder was first created. In the ninth century, alchemists blended charcoal, saltpeter and sulfur into a powder called huo yao, which was used to treat skin infections . Armies quickly learned the powder could be used in bombs, mines and other weapons . Gunpowder was transported to Europe in the 13th century, likely over the Silk Road trade routes through central Asia. Rival nations refined gunpowder recipes in the ensuing centuries before arriving at the optimum mixture: approximately 75 percent saltpeter, 15 percent charcoal and 10 percent sulfur .

Historians typically recognize Chinese fire lances, which were invented in the 10th century, as the first guns. These bamboo or metal tubes projected flames and shrapnel at their targets. Cannons appeared in Italy around 1320, where they were modified as European nations waged many wars. By the 16th century, European firearms had become far more advanced -- and far more deadly -- than their counterparts in the East.

Though cannons boomed on the battlefield, the conservative military resisted the change that guns and other new technology represented . They had practical reasons to shun guns, too: Gunpowder was expensive, the operator was as likely to injure himself as his target and the weapons were so inaccurate that aiming them was pointless.

In the 15th century, the invention of the lock -- the firing mechanism on the gun -- made for the creation of the first reliable handguns. The first was the French arquebus, a short-barreled firearm held at the shoulder and small enough to be handled by one man. A gunpowder-soaked cord burned at both ends until it touched a pan of flash powder, which sent a half-ounce ball soaring toward its enemy. Still, they were cumbersome weapons that could only be fired once every two minutes. Even with advances in gun craftsmanship, archers continued to outnumber marksmen on many battlefields for centuries .

Guns slowly replaced old-guard weapons, because they were more economical, rather than more lethal. Lifelong devotion was required to become a highly skilled (and highly paid) swordsman or archer, but a few weeks or months of training could turn a lower-class soldier into a skilled gunner. "Guns de-horsed the aristocrats," says professor Cathal Nolan, military historian at Boston University .

Besides increasing the field of soldiers, guns have had far-reaching influence on the nature of armed combat, from the distances at which dueling armies engage one another to the types of wounds soldiers incur. Only the horse -- which dominated battlefields for millennia -- has proven more important than the gun, says Nolan. "Until we got to atomics -- to weapons that obliterate entire armies and countries -- all war centered on gun and gunpowder tactics."

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GEAR OF SPIN.......

If we see in roads, there are certain vehicle which use to go after we push the break. mainly in trains, if we use the break. they get stop after two km. Because, the bearing as the effect to pull the train........ 

BEARING

BEARING GEARS

 It would be difficult to imagine the modern industrial age without bearings. Every kind of machine that deals will motion makes use of bearings to smoothen its path and reduce friction. Such an important piece of technology did not fall into the laps of engineers when they started creating metal machines, but has a long and storied history of use that stretches all the way back to the stone age.  

Wooden Bearings

Even before the creation of the wheel at the very beginning of human civilization, the concept of bearings had already taken shape. At that time, people realized that placing rolling logs beneath heavy objects made it easier to drag them across a surface.  

The evidence of such a mechanism is evident through cave drawings, and at a later time, through Egyptian pyramid drawings, which show wooden rollers being used to move heavy stones during construction. Various liquids were also used to provide lubrication to the bearings and make their motion smoother. Different materials were experimented upon to create better bearings, from bronze to zinc, although they were found to be inadequate in providing support to the heavy-duty automated machinery that was to come later.

The Industrial Age

With the rise of improved metal forming processes at the start of the industrial age, it was determined that bearings made of steel were far better at their job than wooden or bronze bearings. Philip Vaughan received a patent for a ball bearing in 1794, and his design became the basic blueprint for the creation of the modern ball bearing. A dramatic reduction in friction led to far more efficient machines, which was responsible for machines being manufactured in far greater numbers, leading to the creation of factories.

Bearings were also put to use in smaller devices such as watches, where sapphire bearings allowed for more precise timekeeping. Water mills also made use of increasingly sophisticated bearings to make the process of drawing water less difficult.

Present Day

In 1869, Jules Suriray received a patent for a radial ball bearing to be fitted into metal bicycles. The success of the improved design led to the creation of several new types of metal ball bearings, all with different designs that were specially created for a particular machine.   

It was Sven Winquist who came up with a self-aligning design for ball bearings that set a new standard in terms of design. A quick succession of innovations within the field emerged, from the wire race bearing to the vee groove bearing.

During the 20th century, improvements in bearings went hand-in-hand with the great advances in the automotive, machine tool and military industries. The choice of rolling elements expanded from balls to rollers, tapered rollers and spherical rollers. Bearings could support greater forces and combined (axial and radial) loads.

Metallurgical processes improved as humanity's understanding of chemistry increased, leading to harder, more wear-resistant materials. Improved lubricants made it possible for bearings to operate at higher speeds and temperatures. New and improved bearings are today put to use in a variety of machines, big and small, from dental drills to the Mars Rover spaceship.

Bearings have had a long and complex history, from the first primitive wooden bearing to the modern class of self-lubricating bearings. With continued development in material science and lubricant technology, and steady improvements in manufacturing, the future promises bearings of a more sophisticated design than ever before.

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THE WAY OF RAY POWER...........

There are many rays with endless ways in the world. Were we can do a ultimate idea of process of producing current with the help of sunlight light. the solar panels is a devicewhich can produce current by converting the light energy to electric energy........

 THE SOLAR PLANES

SOLAR PANELS 

In 1839 Alexandre Edmond Becquerel discovered the photovoltaic effect which explains how electricity can be generated from sunlight. He claimed that “shining light on an electrode submerged in a conductive solution would create an electric current.” However, even after much research and development subsequent to the  discovery, photovoltaic power continued to be very inefficient. People mainly used solar cells for the purpose of measuring light.

Over 100 years later, in 1941, Russell Ohl invented the solar cell, shortly after the invention of the transistor.

Light (photons) striking certain compounds, in particular metals, causes the surface of the material to emit electrons. Light striking other compounds causes the material to accept electrons. It is the combination of these two compounds that can cause electrons to flow through a conductor. Thereby creating electricity. This phenomenon is what we term the photo-electric effect. Photovoltaic  means sunlight converting into a flow of electrons (electricity).Solar power is a rapidly developing energy source in Australia and around the world. The potential for using the sun to directly supply our power needs is huge.

Once made, solar panels can generate electricity without any waste or pollution. This means that there is no dependence on the Earths natural resources. They have no moving parts so modules are very reliable and have a long life span. Also, solar panels are relatively easy to install and are very low maintenance.

A useful characteristic of solar photovoltaic power generation is that any scale of installation is possible. Compare this to conventional forms of power generation that require large scale plant and maintenance.

Solar panels allow you to generate power close to the place of consumption. This removes the need to transport and distribute electricity over long distances to remote areas.Read our 10 tips for getting a solar power system or our tips for choosing solar panels. 

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STEP BY STEP TO BE LAZY........

Day to day, there are lot of development in technology. which makes us lazy .early humans use there legs to travel, soon they found bullet-cart and as soon as they found the bicycle in 1860.after that, there is a development to next level. this was the ultimate level archived by the humans, called motorcycle........

THE MOTORCYCLE

 After the discovery of the bicycle in 1860s France, inventors all around the world started formulating their designs for automated version of this transport device. With the help of machines available to them in that time, they produced several prototypes of motorcycles that would pave the way for all the future models. Here we will describe the how the first motorcycle came to be.

From the 1920 to 1860s, Europe and USA became first acquainted to the simple velocipede device called Danny horse. Enabled its rider to drive it using the power of its own feet. Lack of pedals or chain drive limited its use to small percentage of drivers, mostly children and younger men. All that changed during early 1861 when French blacksmith Pierre patented bicycle pedals and presented to the world his first “boneshaker” bicycle. This marked the point in from bicycle transport received massive boost of popularity and sales. While bicycles continued to get continuous improvements over the next 40 years (especially in English model “Rover” which featured chain drive, pneumatic tires and many more safety devices), early motorcycles prototypes started to be produced all over the Europe.

First known steam motorcycle was produced in the factory of the famous bicycle inverter Pierre Michaux. His son Ernest managed to attach small steam engine to one of their early bicycle designs. In the following years several more inventors managed to repeat similar feat, all using the steam engines with various (solid, liquid or gas fueled) combustion chambers. Steam engine motorcycles worked fine, but they had several big drawbacks (mainly, low power production and constant need of refueling).

In 1885, two German inventors -Gottlieb Daimler and Wilhelm Maybach managed to produce first modern model of motorcycle. They managed to attach small petroleum based combustion engine to the wooden bicycle frame. This motorcycle called “Daimler Reitwagen” is today regarded as the first true motorcycle and it was a starting point for all future motorcycle based innovations and improvements. Development of “Reitwagen” started in 1882 when Daimler and Maybach started the production of thir experimental high-speed single-cylinder engine.Their initial plan was to make small automobile, but they opted to test their engine design on a bicycle frame. Small 264-cubic-centimetre, single cilindre, 0.5 horsepower engine managed to power the motorcycle with the speed of only 7 miles per hour 11 km/h). During the one of the first test runs seat of the motorcycle caught fire from the heat emanated from the nearby engine. Daimler and Maybach patented during August 1885, and the final version of “Reitwagen” was presented to the public in 1886.

Original models of the “Daimler Reitwagen” were sadly lost in 1903 factory fire at Cannstatt, Germany. Several replicas exist in museum collections in Germany, USA, Australia and Japan.

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